Connecting Words

Using connecting words is a great way to improve your English!

A sentence can have only one subject and one verb, unless one of the following situations occur as in high-lighted 1 through 4.

一個句子只能有一個主詞和動詞,除非有以下四種情形將兩個或以上的子句串聯在一起:

1. 對等連接詞 Coordinating Conjunctions: 有七個: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so 背誦口訣: Fan boys它們連接兩個對等子句,兩個子句用逗號隔開

Conjunction	Function	Example
For	Connects a reason to a result	I am a little hungry, for I didn't eat lunch.
And	Connects equal similar ideas	I have seen the movie 2012 twice, and I plan to see it again.
Nor	Connects two negative sentences	I don't like to go skiing, nor do I like to go hiking.
But	Connects equal different ideas	I love to cook, but I hate to clean the kitchen.
Or	To add an alternative possibility	Get up early, or you won't catch the train.
Yet	To add an unexpected or surprising continuation	I'm still hungry, yet I ate a lot.
So	To add an expected result	He was laid off, so he stayed home all day.

也包括以下五個Paired (Correlative) Conjunctions: 他們總是成對出現, They connect grammatically equal elements.

Conjunction Pairs	Example
Both...and	強調"兩者皆是",動詞用複數 Both San Francisco and San Diego have beautiful harbors.
Not only...but also	(不但...而且...)強調"兩者皆是",如果主詞為不同人稱,因為重點在第二個主詞,所以動詞要和第二個主詞配合 Not only you but (also) he has to go to the party today.
Either...or	(不是...就是...)強調"兩者擇一",動詞必須和最接近的主詞一致 Either you or he has to clean the kitchen.
Neither...nor	(既不是...也不是...)強調"兩者皆否",千萬不要再加入其他的否定詞 Jack is good in neither math nor biology.傑克不但數學很差,生物也不好.千萬不可寫成 Jack is not good in neither math nor biology. (incorrect)
Whether...or	The newlyweds could not decide whether to go to Honolulu or Maui for their honeymoon.

2. 從屬連接詞 Subordinating Conjunctions: 有一狗票: after, before, until, while,

because, which, that, who... 它們連接主要子句和附屬子句,這裡的文法牽涉到英文的三大子句:形容詞子句,名詞子句和副詞子句,兩個子句之間,逗號的存在與否以文法規範. 這個單元結束後,我們會開始討論三大子句.

Ex. My new computer, which I bought yesterday, stopped working today. (形容詞子句) (Adjective Clause)

Ex. Do you believe that there is life in outer space? (名詞子句) (Noun Clause)

Ex. After I ate lunch, I decided to go for a walk. (副詞子句) (Adverb Clause)

3. Transitional words or phrases: 例如: however, on the other hand, for example, in fact... 討論完三大子句後,這會是下一個grammar point.

Ex. Colors can have different meanings; for example, orange is the color of happiness for me.

Ex. I speak English and Japanese; in addition, I write Chinese.

Ex. I know it's hard to learn English; nevertheless, I'm determined to master it.

4. 分號 Semicolons: 連接兩個有關聯的句子,性質相當於句號.

Ex. I am tired; I didn't sleep well.

Ex. Smart phone use is increasing; smart phone crime is, too.

看文章時,請練習"斷句",找出主詞,動詞.如果有超過二個以上的動詞,這句子一定用到了以上四種情形之一or之二or之三...

How many sentences are there in page 1 of chapter 1 of Harry Potter and the sorcerer's stone?

以下是Harry Potter 第一冊第一章第一頁,請試著斷句,看看這一頁有幾個句子.

       Mr. and Mrs. Dursley, of number four, Privet Drive, were proud to say that they were perfectly normal, thank you very much. They were the last people you'd expect to be involved in anything strange or mysterious, because they just didn't hold with such nonsense.

　　Mr. Dursley was the director of a firm called Grunnings, which made drills. He was a big, beefy man with hardly any neck, although he did have a very large mustache. Mrs. Dursley was thin and blonde and had nearly twice the usual amount of neck, which came in very useful as she spent so much of her time craning over garden fences, spying on the neighbors. The Dursleys had a small son called Dudley and in their opinion there was no finer boy anywhere.

　　The Dursleys had everything they wanted, but they also had a secret, and their greatest fear was that somebody would discover it.

There are 7 sentences in page 1 of chapter 1 of Harry Potter and the sorcerer's stone.

7個句子

        Mr. and Mrs. Dursley, of number four, Privet Drive, were proud to say that they were perfectly normal, thank you very much./ They were the last people you'd expect to be involved in anything strange or mysterious, because they just didn't hold with such nonsense./

　　Mr. Dursley was the director of a firm called Grunnings, which made drills./ He was a big, beefy man with hardly any neck, although he did have a very large mustache./ Mrs. Dursley was thin and blonde and had nearly twice the usual amount of neck, which came in very useful as she spent so much of her time craning over garden fences, spying on the neighbors./ The Dursleys had a small son called Dudley and in their opinion there was no finer boy anywhere./

　　The Dursleys had everything they wanted, but they also had a secret, and their greatest fear was that somebody would discover it./

How many verbs/ verb phrases are there in page 1 of chapter 1 of Harry Potter and the sorcerer's stone? (not including Infinitive, Gerund, and Participle)

再請試著找出所有動詞/動詞片語,有幾個動詞/動詞片語呢? (不包括不定詞,動名詞和分詞)

What are verb phrases?什麼是動詞片語?

1. 助動詞 + 原形 (auxiliary + V)

2. 進行式 (be + Ving)

3. 完成式 (have + pp)

4. 被動語態 (be + pp)

        Mr. and Mrs. Dursley, of number four, Privet Drive, were proud to say that they were perfectly normal, thank you very much. They were the last people you'd expect to be involved in anything strange or mysterious, because they just didn't hold with such nonsense.

　　Mr. Dursley was the director of a firm called Grunnings, which made drills. He was a big, beefy man with hardly any neck, although he did have a very large mustache. Mrs. Dursley was thin and blonde and had nearly twice the usual amount of neck, which came in very useful as she spent so much of her time craning over garden fences, spying on the neighbors. The Dursleys had a small son called Dudley and in their opinion there was no finer boy anywhere.

　　The Dursleys had everything they wanted, but they also had a secret, and their greatest fear was that somebody would discover it.

There are 22 verbs/ verb phrases in page 1 of chapter 1 of Harry Potter and the sorcerer's stone.

22個動詞/動詞片語

        Mr. and Mrs. Dursley, of number four, Privet Drive, were proud to say (Infinitive/不定詞) that they were perfectly normal, thank you very much. They were the last people you'd expect to be involved (Infinitive + Participle as an Adjective 不定詞+ 過去分詞當形容詞用) (也可以解釋為"被動式") in anything strange or mysterious, because they just didn't hold with such nonsense.

　　Mr. Dursley was the director of a firm called Grunnings, which made drills. He was a big, beefy man with hardly any neck, although he did have a very large mustache. Mrs. Dursley was thin and blonde and had nearly twice the usual amount of neck, which came in very useful as she spent so much of her time craning (Gerund/動名詞) over garden fences, spying (Gerund/動名詞) on the neighbors. The Dursleys had a small son called Dudley and in their opinion there was no finer boy anywhere.

　　The Dursleys had everything they wanted, but they also had a secret, and their greatest fear was that somebody would discover it.

作業:

How many sentences and verbs are there in page 2, 3, and 4?

第二三四頁各有幾個句子,幾個動詞/動詞片語?

第一章原文

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwQmTim0yjvBRWRrQ1dybnloSmNwUUhTbEwyT0RTX01JWE9B/view?usp=sharing