Modal (情態動詞)是auxiliaries(助動詞)的一種
它用來express speakers' attitudes, Modal可用來表達說話者的feelings,譬如
Modal
auxiliaries in English 以下為情態助動詞
Can, could, will, would, shall, should,
may, might, had better, must, ought to
|
Phrasal Modals 以下為情態助動詞片語
be able to, be going to, be supposed to,
have to, have got to
|
Modal的基本認識
* They change the meaning of the verbs.
(Modal 改變動詞的含義)
* Most Modals have more than one meaning or
use. (大部分Modal有多於一種的含意或用法)
* We can use them in past, present, and
future. There is always nuance. (Modal可用於過去式,現在式和未來式,但總是有些細微差別.)
Modal看起來很簡單,但如果你孤狗,會發現一狗票用法,一狗票他們之間的細微差別,我看得越多越頭大,所以,這裡我只列出我認為重要的,如果你願意頭痛的話,去孤狗,這個網頁很不錯,以前我ESL的老師,只要是lab time,就一定出一堆這裡的作業,沒事可以逛逛Good Luck!
* Modal is a type of verb
that changes the meaning of the verb.
* Modal改變動詞的含義
由以下句子可知, 一樣是 educate their kids,用不同的Modal, 句意也改變了
Ex.1 Parents educate their kids. ===>
fact
Ex.2 Parents should educate their
kids. ===> It's a good idea.
Ex.3 Parents can educate their
kids. ===> It's an option/ recommendation.
Ex.4 Parents would educate their
kids if they had more time. ===> result of a condition.
Ex.5 Parents must educate their
kids. ===> strong advice
Ex.6 Parents may/ might educate
their kids. ===> maybe/ not sure
* Most Modals have more than
one meaning or use.
*大部分Modal有多於一種的用法
Modal
|
Sentence(s)
|
Meaning(s)
|
Can
|
Exercise can reduce high
blood pressure.
|
possibility
|
I cannot sing very
well.
|
ability
|
|
You can make an appointment
with a different doctor.
|
option
|
|
We can get our
medication at the pharmacy later.
|
possibility
|
|
Can
I make an appointment today?
|
request/ permission
|
|
Will
|
When you have a fever, your temperature will be higher than normal.
|
definite/ fact
|
The restaurant will be packed at
this hour.
|
prediction/ guess/ possibility
|
|
I will take you to the
doctor's office tomorrow.
|
willingness/ promise/ offer
|
|
May
|
They may be in the
restaurant.
|
not very certain (can be/ could be)
|
May
I sit here?
|
permission/ request
|
|
Might
|
There might be a long line
outside the movie theater at this hour.
|
certainty (not very certain)
|
Should
|
She should stop smoking.
|
advice/ suggestion/ it's a good idea
|
She should be at the
doctor's because she had an appointment at
|
expectation/ certainty
|
|
Must
|
She must be sick since
she's been absent so much.
|
almost definite
|
You must stop smoking so
much if you want to get better.
|
necessity
|
|
Parents must send their kids
to school.
|
strong obligation/ law
|
|
Need to
|
You need to make sure
you get in to see the doctor today.
|
necessity
|
Have to
|
You have to exercise if
you want to lose weight.
|
necessity
|
She has to be at the
doctor's! That's where she told me she was going.
|
expectation
|
|
Ought to
|
They ought to exercise
regularly.
|
advise/ suggestion
|
Had better
|
You had better get to
the doctor quick.
|
warning
|
Would
|
I hoped the line outside the movie theater
would be shorter.
|
The future in the past.
|
Would you call her for me?
|
request
|
|
If I weren't sick, I would go with you.
|
conditional
|
Most verbs have 12 forms: (大部分動詞有12種時態)
Simple
|
Progressive
|
Perfect
|
Perfect-progressive
|
|
Present
|
do/does
|
am/is/are
doing
|
has/have
done
|
has/have
been doing
|
Past
|
did
|
was/were
doing
|
had done
|
had been doing
|
Future
|
will do
|
will be doing
|
will have done
|
will have been doing
|
Most modals have only 4: (大部分 Modals只有4種時態)
Simple
|
Progressive
|
|
Present and Future
|
Modal + base form
He should study.
|
Modal + be + Ving
They should be studying.
|
Past
|
Modal + have + p.p.
He must have gone home.
|
Modal + have been + Ving
She might have been driving the Ferrari.
|
However 但是
Some have no past form : 以下沒有過去式
*當can是permission的含義時
*當will/could/would用於polite questions時
*當had better是advisability的含義時
*當must not表達prohibition時
Some have different past form :
大部分情態助動詞的過去式為 Modal+ have+ pp, 但不包括以下三種情形
* 當can 的含意為ability 時, 過去是為could
* 當must 的含意為necessity, obligation 時, 過去是為 had to
* 當will 用於future in the past (過去式裡的未來式) 時,將will 改為 would.
The difference between can/ could
can/ could 的差別
Present
|
Past
|
||
Ability
|
can + base form
I can not use the new software
because my computer does not have enough memory.
(I am not able to use the new software.)
|
could + base form
I could not use the new software
because my computer did not have enough memory.
(I was not able to use the new software.)
|
Note: can 或
could 不可和
be able to 一起使用
She can be able to come. (錯)
She can come. (對)
She is able to come. (對)
|
Permission
Polite questions
|
Can/ Could
I use your camera?
Can/ Could
I make an appointment?
|
No Past form
|
|
Possibility
|
can/ could + base form
The restaurant can be/ could be
crowded at this hour.
|
could have + p.p.
The restaurant could have been
crowded at that hour.
|
|
Option
|
can/ could + base form
You can/ could take
the bus or drive.
|
could have + p.p.
You could have taken the bus or driven.
|
(這句過去式的意思是
You didn't take the bus or drive.)
|
can + base form
We can pick up our new puppy
tomorrow.
(We have the opportunity to do this
tomorrow.
|
could have + p.p.
We could have picked up our new
puppy yesterday. (We had the opportunity to do so, but we didn't.)
|
大部分Modal的過去式為 Modal+ have+ pp, 但改為過去式時,很多時候句意也改變了,譬如:
*should : When you change to the past, the
meaning changes.
現在式: should + base form
|
過去式: should have + p.p.
|
Ex. I should study more. (It's a good
idea.)
Ex. I should have studied more.
(Regret----> I didn't study more.)
Ex. You should have studied more. (blame/
suggestion----> You didn't study more.)
大部分Modal的過去式 : Modal + have + pp
Should've/ would've/ could've
這三個字母的 d've 發音為 dəv
(有時候我們會"自言自語"的說"should've would've could've",可能在嘲笑或後悔或婉惜一些該做而沒做或不該做而做的事)
*今天早上有一堂考試,我考得不好,因為我昨晚沒看書,
我昨晚應該要看書的
I had a test this
morning. I didn't do well on the test because I didn't study for it last night.
I should've studied last night.
*你應該傍晚就到達的,結果你拖到半夜才姍姍來遲,我們都很擔心
你應該打個電話跟我們說的
You were supposed
to be here in the evening, but you didn't come until midnight . We were worried about you. You
should've called us.
*我扭到腰了,我真不該抬那麼重的箱子 or 抬那箱子時,我應該更小心點 or
我應該找人幫忙抬那箱子
My back hurts. I
shouldn't have carried that heavy box.
I could've
been more careful while carrying the box.
I could've
asked for help to carry the box.
*昨晚看的那場電影,簡直是浪費時間和金錢, 真不該去看那場電影的
We went to a movie
last night, but it was a waste of time and money. We shouldn't have gone
to the movie.
*我破產了,因為我花錢不用腦袋,我花錢時真該聰明點
I am broke now
because I spent all my money foolishly. I should've spent my money
wisely.
*我整天待在家裡玩電動,現在我全身關節都僵在那,現在想想,
我寧願我去公園走一走
I stayed home playing
computer games all day long today. Now my whole body is stiff. Come to think of
it, I would rather have gone to the park and taken a walk.
*A:我昨天在學校到處都找不到他,你知不知道他在哪?
A: I couldn't find
him anywhere in school yesterday. Do you have any idea where he was?
B:他在家 He was home. (100% certainty)
C:他一定是待在家裡 He must have stayed at home. (95% certainty)
D:他有可能待在家裡 He might have stayed at home.
He may have stayed at
home.
He could have stayed
at home.
(這三句less than 50% certainty)
Must的用法: must的過去式有兩種
1. 當must的意思為 obligation或necessity時,過去式為had to
(這種情況時,決不可用 must
have+ pp)
Ex. I must
get a driver license. (現在式)
I had to get a driver license. (過去式)
Ex. You must
wear your seat belt. (現在式)
You had to wear your seat belt. (過去式)
2. 當must的意思為 certainty時,過去式為 must have + pp 或 had to
Ex. She must be
tired after the race. (現在式)
以下兩個過去式,意義相同
She must have been tired after the
race.
She had to be tired after the race.
Ex. She must be
at home (because her car is there). (現在式)
以下兩個過去式,意義相同
She must have been at home (because
her car was there).
She had to be at home (because her
car was there).
3. 當must 的意思為 prohibition 時, 用於否定句,沒有過去式
Ex. You must
not look in the closet. Your birthday present is hidden there.
you must not tell anyone my secret.
Do you promise?
(mustn't 第一個t不發音)
以下為Harry Potter 第一章裡的例句
第一章原文: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwQmTim0yjvBRWRrQ1dybnloSmNwUUhTbEwyT0RTX01JWE9B/view?usp=sharing
第一章原文: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwQmTim0yjvBRWRrQ1dybnloSmNwUUhTbEwyT0RTX01JWE9B/view?usp=sharing
p3
It must have been (certainty in the past) a trick of the
light.
Mr. Dursley
was enraged to see that a couple of them weren't young at all; why, that man had to be (certainty)older than he was, and wearing an
emerald-green cloak!
p10
I must have passed (certainty in the past) a dozen feasts and
parties on my way here."
p12
It must have made (certainty
in the past) sense to Dumbledore, though, because he put it back in his pocket
and said, "Hagrid's late. I suppose it was he who told you I'd (certainty) be here, by the way?"
p15
He bent his great, shaggy head over
Harry and gave him what must have been (certainty in the
past)a very scratchy, whiskery kiss.
Would 當 Future in the past 時的用法
將下列句子從 the future in the present 改為 the future in the past
1. I hope I will be able
to get a doctor's appointment.
===> I hoped I would
be able to get a doctor's appointment.
2. I imagine she will get
better soon.
===> I imagined she would
get better soon.
3. I think they will be
in the waiting room when we get there.
===> I thought they would
be in the waiting room when we got there.
4. I guess they will have
to wait for the doctor to get here.
===> I guessed they would
have to wait for the doctor to get there.
5. They figure that the medical
cost will be outrageous.
===> They figured that the
medical cost would be outrageous.
6. We hope they will have
enough time to get medication before the pharmacy closes.
===> We hoped they would
have enough time to get medication before the pharmacy closed.
7. I wonder if they will
be able to see a doctor this late in the evening.
===> I wondered if they would
be able to see a doctor that late in the evening.
8. I can't imagine she will
be able to walk soon after breaking her leg last week.
===> I couldn't imagine she would
be able to walk soon after breaking her leg last week (或 that week).
ought to 的過去式為ought to + have + pp
Advisability
Ex. I ought to study tonight. (現在式)
I ought to have studied last night, but I didn't. (過去式)
90% certainty/ expectation
Ex. She ought to do well on the
test tomorrow. (現在式/未來式)
She ought to have done well on the test yesterday. (過去式)
had better 沒有過去式
advisability with threat of bad result
Ex. You had better be on time
tomorrow, or I'll fire you.
You had better tell your mother the truth, or you'll be in big
trouble..
Harry Potter 第一章裡的例句
p15
Well -- give him here, Hagrid -- we'd better (advisability) get this over with."
be supposed to 的過去式為 was/ were supposed to
Ex. I'm supposed to be in class at
8:45. (我得用跑的了,要不然我會遲到)
I was supposed to be in class at 8:45. (可是我遲到了or...翹課)
Ex. He is supposed to go to Hawaii
He was supposed to go to Hawaii
作業: Modal errors
What's wrong with
these sentences? 請訂正下列各句 (60%)
1. I have not seen my neighbor for a
week. She can be out of town.
2. In order to be successful, a person
must has the determination to achieve goals.
3. I cannot find my favorite pen. I
must leave it at home.
4. My email did not go through. I
should have forgotten to press "send."
5. When we arrived, Lily was not at the
station. She must had forgotten that we were coming at 3:00 .
6. Mick told me that he can play the
trumpet at age five.
7. Linda cans not drive.
8. Stephanie might bought a new car.
9. John should buys the book.
10. I should not be spending so much
time on video games last week.
11. The research could have important
results last year.
12. We ought to have asked Sophie to
help us next week.
13. My brother might be calling me
while I was in class last night.
14. I might register to vote if I want
to vote in the next election.
(在美國,一定要先register to vote, 選舉時才有投票權)
15. Mary said that she will help me
with the research.
16. I didn't stop at the store because
I must have stayed late at the office.
17. The bus is really late today. It
might have broke down.
18. I am supposed to go to the meeting,
but I was sick.
19. I should not had asked her opinion.
20. A: Where has Amy gone?
B: I'm not sure. She may have going to the bank.
填充題: (40%) 這是一本雜誌裡的文章,我從Longman 的Grammar Express節錄下來的
Regret...
It's not unusual to feel regret about
things in the past that you think you ___________
(should/ do) and did not do--- or the
opposite, about things you did do and feel you
________________ (should/ do). In fact,
we learn by thinking about past mistakes. For example, a student who fails a
test learns that he or she ______________ (should/ study) more and can improve
on the next test. Often, however, people spend too much time thinking about
what they _____________ (could/ do) differently. Many regrets are simply not based
in fact. A mother regrets missing a football game in which her son's leg was
injured. " I _______________ (ought to/ go)," she keeps telling
herself. "I _________________ (should/ stay) home. I __________________
(could/ prevent) the injury. The officials ________ at least _______________
(might/ call) me as soon as it happened." Did she really have the
power to prevent her son's injury? ________ the officials ______________
(should/ contact) her before looking at the injury? No, of course, they
____________. There is an Italian proverb that says, "When the ship has
sunk, everyone knows how they ________________ (could/ save) it." It's
easy to second guess about the past: The real challenge is to solve the
problems you face right now.
Answer key
作業: Modal errors
What's wrong with
these sentences? 請訂正下列各句 (60%)
1. I have not seen my neighbor for a
week. She can be out of town.
could have
been
2. In order to be successful, a person
must has the determination to achieve goals.
have
3. I cannot find my favorite pen. I
must leave it at home.
have left
4. My email did not go through. I should
have forgotten to press "send."
could
5. When we arrived, Lily was not at the
station. She must had forgotten that we were coming at 3:00 . have
6. Mick told me that he can play
the trumpet at age five.
could
7. Linda cans not drive.
can
8. Stephanie might bought a new
car.
buy或 have bought
9. John should buys the book.
buy 或 have bought
10. I should not be spending so
much time on video games last week.
have spent
11. The research could have
important results last year.
have had
12. We ought to have asked
Sophie to help us next week.
ask
13. My brother might be calling
me while I was in class last night.
have called
14. I might register to vote if
I want to vote in the next election.
(在美國,一定要先register to vote, 選舉時才有投票權)
should
15. Mary said that she will help
me with the research.
would
16. I didn't stop at the store because
I must have stayed late at the office.
had to stay
17. The bus is really late
today. It might have broke down.
broken
18. I am supposed to go to the
meeting, but I was sick.
was
19. I should not had asked her
opinion.
have
20. A: Where has Amy gone?
B: I'm not sure. She may have going to the bank.
gone
填充題: (40%)
Regret...
It's not unusual to feel regret about
things in the past that you think you should have
done (should/ do) and did not
do--- or the opposite, about things you did do and feel you shouldn't have done (should/ do). In fact, we
learn by thinking about past mistakes. For example, a student who fails a test
learns that he or she should have studied
(should/ study) more and can improve on the next test. Often, however, people
spend too much time thinking about what they could
have done (could/ do) differently. Many regrets are simply not
based in fact. A mother regrets missing a football game in which her son's leg
was injured. " I ought to have gone
(ought to/ go)," she keeps telling herself. "I shouldn't have stayed (should/ stay) home. I could have prevented (could/ prevent) the
injury. The officials might at
least have called (might/ call) me
as soon as it happened." Did she really have the power to prevent
her son's injury? Should the officials have
contacted (should/ contact) her before
looking at the injury? No, of course, they shouldn't
have. There is an Italian proverb that says, "When the ship
has sunk, everyone knows how they could have
saved (could/ save) it."
It's easy to second guess about the past: The real challenge is to solve the
problems you face right now.
下面這個link為第一章裡所有含Modal的句子 Most of the explanations
I had in the parentheses were my opinions. You might have a different view.
However, the most important thing is so you understand what modals can do.
所有括弧內的註解,都是我主觀的想法,你可能不贊成,譬如第十頁的一個句子:
I'll bet that was Dedalus
Diggle. 我認為will是speculation, 你可能認為是assumption, 他可能認為是suggestion,但這都無所謂,我們不是J. K. Rowling, 誰曉得她是怎麼認為的,重點是你能瞭解Modals的用法,如果你能像我一樣耐著性子,拿一份第一章的底稿,將所有含modal的句子找出來,三不五時試試看換一個modal,是不是它的含意就不同了?你會發現其樂無窮(或苦中作樂?)哈哈,文字真美!
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