英文和中文最大的不同是時態
Most verbs have 12 forms
Simple
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Progressive
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Perfect
|
Perfect-progressive
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Present
|
do/does
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am/is/are
doing
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has/have
done
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has/have
been doing
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Past
|
did
|
was/were
doing
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had done
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had been doing
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Future
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will do
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will be doing
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will have done
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will have been doing
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這份講義只點出讓我們容易混淆的
這裡有時態的基本概念
Ex.1. I went to the US
Ex.2. I have been to the US
有什麼差別?
Ex.1是過去簡單式
Ex.2是現在完成式
Ex.1是錯的
Ex.2是對的
現在完成式和過去簡單式的區別
現在完成式使用時機
Life Experiences (確切時間不重要)
Ex. I have lived in the US
I have
been to France
I have
learned to paint. (曾經學過).
*** Never, never, never have a specific
time in Present Perfect tense!!!
不可以說 I have lived in the US last year. (incorrect) (有確切過去時間last
year, 要用past tense.)
Things that are still happening (not finished.)
Ex. I have lived in the US
I
have studied English since I was 13. (仍繼續study)
Didn't do something, but you plan to. (not done, but may happen)
Ex. I haven't done my homework yet. (尚未做,待會可能會)
*** Don't say:
I went to the
***Please, please, please always add
specific time in past tense.
You can say:
I went to the
or (否則) you have to use Present Perfect tense. (因為現在完成式不需確切時間)
I have been to the
除非,譬如:
A: Where did you go last month?
(正確)
B: I went to the
因為對話中,A已點名確切過去時間,所以B的回答make sense.
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* last year (Action finished): use Past
Tense 用過去式
** in the last year (Action not finished):
use Present Perfect Tense 用現在完成式
意思是 from the
last year until now
Ex. She has owned the business in the last
year. 繼續擁有
Ex. She owned the business last year. 不擁有了
再舉一些例子
Ex.1. I had three cups of coffee yesterday.
(yesterday is finished) (yesterday用過去式)
Ex.2. I've had three cups of coffee this
morning.
(情境: 現在仍然是this morning, 我可能have more.)
Ex.3. I had three cups of coffee this
morning.
(情境: 現在是下午二點,this morning is finished.)
過去簡單式和過去完成式的區別
--------------過去完成式 ---------過去式-----------now---------->
過去完成式(同理,過去進行式(看最後的附註)/過去完成進行式)發生於"過去式"之前, 與過去式同時存在一個句子中
The Past Perfect always shows a relationship with another
Past even.不會單獨在一個獨立的句子出現
(除非上下文已經交代了過去時間), 也就是說:
He had gone.是錯誤的句子,必須加上一個過去式的子句,譬如:
Ex. He had gone when we arrived.
------------he had
gone-------we arrived----------now------------>
Ex. I had never read anything by
Bukowski until last semester.
----had never read
Bukowski-----read Bukowski last semester---------now-------->
這篇是我Bukowski的上課心得(非homework,塗鴉也)有興趣的話,歡迎逛一逛
Ex. In English class I suddenly realized
that I had forgotten to bring my textbook.
--------had forgotten to
bring the textbook------realized--------now--------->
Ex. The house was dirty because I hadn't
cleaned it for weeks.
---------hadn't cleaned the
house--------was dirty---------now---------->
請辨別以下兩個句子
* When the show ended, she left. (the show先ended, Then(然後)she left.
* When the show ended, she had left. (she先left, Then(然後)the show
ended.
舉兩個書中較顯而易見的例子
p4 He'd forgotten all
about the people in cloaks until he passed a group of them next to the
baker's.
-----------had
forgotten-----------passed------------now---------->
p9 He turned to
smile at the tabby, but it had gone.
-----------the
tabby had gone-------he turned--------now-------->
對我來說,看Timeline是最有效的學時態的方法,
下面這張Timeline是我從這copy的
如果能耐著性子,你會發現這表格用的是簡單明瞭的英文
Simple Tenses:
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Simple tenses are used whenever we are talking about
a point in time.
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Continuous Tenses:
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Continuous tenses are used whenever we are talking
about a length of time.
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Perfect Tenses:
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Perfect tenses are used whenever we are talking about
a point in time before another point in time.
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Perfect Continuous
Tenses:
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Perfect continuous tenses are used whenever we are
talking about a length of time up to a point in time.
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By the time 的用法
上表的例句中有by the time, 當by the time的意思為sometime
before時,
它會出現在Past Perfect 和 Future Perfect
Past Perfect
Ex.1. By
the time the semester ended, we had covered all the chapters.
----had
covered----ended---now----->
----過去完成式---過去式---現在--->
Ex.2. He
had left by the time Mary arrived.
----he had left----Mary
arrived---now---
Ex.3. By
the time I got home yesterday, my neighbor had checked the mail for me.
----had checked----got
home----now---
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Future Perfect
Ex.1.By
the time the semester ends, we will have covered all the chapters.
----now----will have
covered---ends----->
----現在----未來完成式-----現在式----->
Ex.2. He
will have left by the time Mary arrives.
---now---he will have
left---Mary arrives
Ex.3. By
the time I get home, my neighbor will have checked the mail for me.
---now---will have
checked---get home--
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將HP第一章裡所有過去完成式的句子列出來
過去式畫底線,過去完成式加框及shaded
p2 Mrs. Potter was Mrs. Dursley's sister, but they hadn't met for several years;
p2 The Dursleys knew that the Potters had
a small son, too, but they had never even seen him.
p2 For a second, Mr. Dursley didn't
realize what he had seen -- then he jerked his head around to
look again.
p4 Most of them had never seen an owl even at nighttime.
如果這句單獨存在,沒有上下文,則是錯誤的句子,應改成現在完成式
Most of them have
never seen an owl even at nighttime.
但因前一句有pointed, gazed, sped等過去式,所以OK.
p4 He'd forgotten all about the people in cloaks
until he passed a group of them next to the baker's.
p4 He dashed back across the road, hurried up
to his office, snapped at his secretary not to disturb him, seized
his telephone, and had almost finished dialing his home number
when he changed his mind.
p4 He'd never even seen the boy.
如果這句單獨存在,沒有上下文,則是錯誤的句子,應改成現在完成式
He's (has)
never even seen the boy.
但因前一句有wasn't, was called等過去式,所以OK.
p5 He didn't blame her -- if he'd
had a sister like that...
p5 He hurried to his car and set off for home,
hoping he was imagining things, which he had never hoped before, because he didn't
approve of imagination.
p5 As he pulled into the driveway of
number four, the first thing he saw -- and it didn't improve his
mood -- was the tabby cat he'd spotted that morning.
p6 Mrs. Dursley had had a nice, normal day.
如果這句單獨存在,沒有上下文,則是錯誤的句子,應改成現在完成式
Mrs. Dursley has
had a nice, normal day.
但因下一句有told過去式,所以OK.
p6 She told him over dinner all about Mrs. Next
Door's problems with her daughter and how Dudley
had
learned a new word ("Won't!").
p7 He'd have to say something to her.
如果這句單獨存在,沒有上下文,則是錯誤的句子,應改成現在完成式or現在簡單式
He's have to say
something to her.
He has to say
something to her.
但因前一句有was, 下一句有cleared等過去式,所以OK.
p7 As he had expected, Mrs. Dursley looked
shocked and angry.
p7 Mr. Dursley wondered whether he dared tell
her he'd
heard the name "Potter."
*附註:
過去進行式和過去簡單式的比較
請注意下列兩句不同的含意
Be careful! Notice the difference in meaning between these two different
sentences.
* When the light changed, I crossed the street.
(First the light changed. Then I
crossed the street.)
* When the light changed, I was crossing the street.
(First I was crossing the
street. Then the light changed.)
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*句中有when, 兩個子句都用過去式時, when子句的動作"先"發生
(如果還沒辦法想通事情發生的先後秩序,那麼這個文法規則可以幫助你釐清時間觀念.但不鼓勵記誦下一個規則,因為很容易搞混)
*句中有when,一個子句用過去式,另一個子句用過去進行式時.when子句的動作"後"發生
作業:
過去式畫底線,過去完成式加框及shaded
p8 A man appeared on the corner the cat had been watching,
appeared so suddenly and silently you'd have thought he'd just popped out of
the ground.
p8 Nothing like this man had ever been seen on Privet Drive
p9 Albus Dumbledore didn't seem to realize that he had just
arrived in a street where everything from his name to his boots was unwelcome.
p9 He turned to smile at the tabby, but it had gone.
p9 Instead he was smiling at a rather
severe-looking woman who was wearing square glasses exactly the shape of the
markings the cat had had around its eyes.
p10 "You'd
be stiff if you'd been sitting on a brick wall all day," said Professor
McGonagall.
p11 It seemed that Professor McGonagall had reached the point
she was most anxious to discuss, the real reason she had been waiting on a
cold, hard wall all day, for neither as a cat nor as a woman had she fixed
Dumbledore with such a piercing stare as she did now.
p14 A low rumbling sound had broken the silence around them.
作業解答:
Answer Key
過去式畫底線,過去完成式加框及shaded
p8 A man appeared on the corner the cat had
been watching, appeared so suddenly and silently you'd have
thought he'd
just popped
out of the ground.
would have though 為 Modal 過去式,請看下一單元Modal講義
would have though 為 Modal 過去式,請看下一單元Modal講義
p8 Nothing like this man had ever been
seen on Privet Drive
如果這句單獨存在,沒有上下文,則是錯誤的句子,應改成現在完成式
Nothing like this man
has ever been seen on Privet Drive
但因下一句有was過去式,所以OK.
p9 Albus Dumbledore didn't seem to realize that he had
just arrived
in a street where everything from his name to his boots was unwelcome.
p9 He turned to smile at the tabby, but it had
gone.
p9 Instead he was smiling at a rather
severe-looking woman who was wearing square glasses exactly the shape of
the markings the cat had had around its eyes.
p10 "You'd
be stiff if you'd
been sitting on a brick wall all day," said Professor
McGonagall.
p11 It seemed that Professor McGonagall had
reached the point she was most anxious to discuss, the real
reason she had
been waiting on a cold, hard wall all day, for neither as a cat nor as a
woman had
she fixed
Dumbledore with such a piercing stare as she did now.
p14 A low rumbling sound had broken the silence around them.
如果這句單獨存在,沒有上下文,則是錯誤的句子,
應改成現在完成式or 現在進行式
A low rumbling sound has
broken the silence around them.
A low rumbling sound
is breaking the silence around them.
但因下一句有grew, looked等過去式,所以OK.
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